Comparative analysis of phenotypic variability of introduced land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in two large Eastern European cities

Variation in the shell colour and banding polymorphism of Cepaea nemoralis was recorded 20 sites Minsk, Belarus (a total 3965 adults collected 2014–2021). This variation compared with that 16 from Lviv, Western Ukraine (total 3235 2019–2021). Unlike a remarkable spatial differentiation phenotypic composition found Minsk. The samples north-eastern part Minsk were characterized by greater degree diversity higher frequencies unbanded brown shells. Samples southern eastern parts city generally lighter characterised high shells single central band (mid-banded). Differences between two than those Lviv. may be related to history colonization C. nemoralis. Lviv were, on average, darker, they contained less frequently mid-banded more shells, especially pink ones. Fst values characterizing level variability calculated for are quite comparable other urban areas recently colonized